press balf cytokines  (R&D Systems)

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Black Ginseng Extract Exerts Potentially Anti-Asthmatic Activity by Inhibiting the Protein Kinase Cθ-Mediated IL-4/STAT6 Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.3390/ijms241511970

Figure Lengend Snippet: Proposed anti-inflammatory mechanism of black ginseng extract (BGE) in both phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus ionomycin-stimulated EL4 cells and ovalbumin-sensitized mice with allergic airway inflammation. PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; IL, interleukin; PKCθ, protein kinase C theta; BGE, black ginseng extract; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T cells; STAT6, signal transducer and activator of transcription 6; GATA3, GATA binding protein 3; Th2, T helper 2; IgE, immunoglobulin E; AHR, airway hyperresponsiveness.

Article Snippet: The levels of Th2 cytokines in BALF (R&D systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and IgE in serum (Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA, # 439807) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, following the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Binding Assay

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Black Ginseng Extract Exerts Potentially Anti-Asthmatic Activity by Inhibiting the Protein Kinase Cθ-Mediated IL-4/STAT6 Signaling Pathway

doi: 10.3390/ijms241511970

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of black ginseng extract (BGE) on the expression of T helper 2 cytokines in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus ionomycin (PMA/Iono)-stimulated EL4 cells. ( A ) Cell viability was measured using the cell counting kit-8 assay. ( B – D ) The secretion levels of interleukin (IL)-4, -5, and -13 were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. ( E – G ) The mRNA expression levels of Il-4 , -5 , and -13 were evaluated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Bar graphs represent the means ± standard deviation in triplicate in one representative experiment from a total of three independent experiments. # p < 0.001 vs. negative control group (without PMA/Iono); * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001 for comparison with controls, which were treated with PMA/Iono alone.

Article Snippet: The levels of Th2 cytokines in BALF (R&D systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) and IgE in serum (Biolegend, San Diego, CA, USA, # 439807) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, following the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Expressing, Cell Counting, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Standard Deviation, Negative Control, Comparison

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: TREM2 + and interstitial-like macrophages orchestrate airway inflammation in SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques

doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37425-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: n = 8 RM from Cohort 1 and baricitinib cohort for −5 dpi and 2 dpi except for ( c ) where n = 6 (3 RM Cohort 1 + 3 RM baricitnib cohort) at 2 dpi. n = 4 RM from Cohort 1 starting from 4 dpi. a Dot plots showing normalized enrichment scores and nominal p values for gene sets. Enrichment is indicated by dot color (red: positively enriched vs. −5 dpi; blue: negatively enriched), dot size indicates significance. Normalized enrichment scores and nominal p values were determined using GSEA . The exact nominal p values are included in Supplementary Data . b Heatmap of longitudinal responses for the ISG gene set. The color scale indicates log2 expression relative to the median of the −5 dpi samples. c Cytokines evaluation (Mesoscale) in BALF p values for 2 dpi vs. −5 dpi: IL6 = 0.02 and IP-10 = 0.03 and d Plasma; only significant cytokines are shown ( p values for 2 dpi vs. −5 dpi: IP-10 = 0.008, MCP-1 = 0.008, MCP-2 = 0.004). e Sum of normalized expression of all IFNA genes in BAL. * p value = 0.04. f GSEA enrichment plot showing negative enrichment for AM gene signature (derived from SingleR) when comparing bulk BAL RNA-Seq samples from 4 dpi to −5 dpi (Nominal p value = 0). The red bar represents the mean. Statistical analysis for ( c )–( e ) was performed using one-tailed Wilcoxon signed-rank test in R v4.2.2 comparing each timepoint to −5 dpi. * p value <0.05, ** p value <0.01. Source data ( c – e ) are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: The color scale indicates log2 expression relative to the median of the −5 dpi samples. c Cytokines evaluation (Mesoscale) in BALF p values for 2 dpi vs. −5 dpi: IL6 = 0.02 and IP-10 = 0.03 and d Plasma; only significant cytokines are shown ( p values for 2 dpi vs. −5 dpi: IP-10 = 0.008, MCP-1 = 0.008, MCP-2 = 0.004). e Sum of normalized expression of all IFNA genes in BAL.

Techniques: Expressing, Derivative Assay, RNA Sequencing Assay, One-tailed Test